[印度]1975年前锡金的地位及性质 [复制链接]

ttslslyh:锡金皇室的后代据说现在米国，以后要是想恶心下A3，可以动动脑筋。 (2015-02-17 15:51) 

达赖还在印度，中印双方在西藏和锡金问题上可以对等打牌。

支持锡金复国主义。

再来一张，1950年代中华人民共和国成系列的地图，立场前后一贯。

大中国图书局出版， 大中国图书局、亚光舆地学社联销处发行。1951年第一版。

图片:大中国图书局出版， 大中国图书局、亚光舆地学社联销处发行。1951年第一版。.jpg

据说，锡金不被承认是因为想和印度交换某些东西，但是最后完事后才发现，没拿到想要的

lw_19810512:据说，锡金不被承认是因为想和印度交换某些东西，但是最后完事后才发现，没拿到想要的 (2017-07-09 05:36)

应该是印度承认西藏是中国领土，中国承认锡金是印度领土。


自从1959年印度收留达赖后，双方关系开始恶化，原先冷处理的边界问题也越来越高调，直到1962年大打出手。这和中苏边界有点像，1960年代中苏关系恶化后，边界问题越炒越热，直到1969年在争议地区——珍宝岛和铁列克提大打出手——中国在乌苏里江上袭击苏联，苏联在新疆报复性攻击。

不排除中印交恶前，官方正规地图有把锡金画为“独立国家”的，但与中外浩如烟海的把锡金划入印度的地图（不管是1947年前，英属印度时期还是1947年后，印度独立时期）相比，绝对是“小概率事件”。只有大约1952-2003年中国官方的地图，基本上把锡金画为“独立国家”（显然不是反映当时的事实，而是反映的政治博弈——最晚从1890年后，锡金就从来没有获得过独立）。

本坛能够提供中华人民共和国建立早期（1950年代），把锡金画为独立国家的官方正规地图吗？有的话可是稀有而有价值的。

http://xzqh.info/lt/read.php?tid=156873&page=e#a的楼主，这帖地图更多一些(7，8，27楼），更说明问题。

本帖的一楼还可以再链接。

       对于帝国主义列强迫使历届旧政府签订的一系列不平等条约，采取坚决废除的方针。其他条约，中国政府依据有关规定，分别给予修改、重订，承认。

这点从国际法来说是不可能的，所以我们要遵守并执行之

1949年制定、1950年生效的《印度宪法》在第8篇第238条，详细列明了组成印度的各邦，其中并无锡金邦。该条已于1956年第7次修宪时被去掉。

1949年版宪法原文：



British India, which included present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, was divided into two types of territories: the Provinces of British India, which were governed directly by British officials responsible to the Governor-General of India; and the Indian States, under the rule of local hereditary rulers who recognised British suzerainty in return for their own kingdom, in most cases as established by treaty. As a result of the reforms of the early 20th century, most of the British provinces had directly elected legislatures as well as governors, although some of the smaller provinces were governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the Governor-General. Major reforms put forward by the British in the 1930s also recognised the principle of federalism, which was carried forward into the governance of independent India.

On 15 August 1947, British India was granted independence as the separate dominions of India and Pakistan. The British dissolved their treaty relations with more than five hundred princely states, who were encouraged to accede to either India or Pakistan, while under no compulsion to do so. Most of the states acceded to India, and a few to Pakistan. Bhutan, Hyderabad and Kashmir opted for independence, although the armed intervention of India conquered Hyderabad and brought it into the Indian Union.


South Indian states prior to the States Reorganisation ActBetween 1947 and about 1950, the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces, such as Rajputana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Bharat, and Vindhya Pradesh, made up of multiple princely states; a few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became separate provinces. The Government of India Act 1935 remained the constitutional law of India pending adoption of a new Constitution.

The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States".The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states and a class of territories:

Part A states, which were the former governors' provinces of British India, were ruled by a governor appointed by the president and an elected state legislature. The nine Part A states were Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh (formerly Central Provinces and Berar), Madras, Orissa, Punjab (formerly East Punjab), Uttar Pradesh (formerly the United Provinces), and West Bengal.Part B states, which were former princely states or groups of princely states, governed by a rajpramukh, who was usually the ruler of a constituent state, and an elected legislature. The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India. The eight Part B states were Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU), Rajasthan, Saurashtra, and Travancore-Cochin.
Part C states included both the former chief commissioners' provinces and some princely states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The ten Part C states were Ajmer, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Cutch, Manipur, Tripura, and Vindhya Pradesh.The sole Part D territory was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government.

表中所提到的组成印度共和国的四类主体：A类——英属印度省份，包括9个，阿萨姆邦、比哈尔邦、孟买邦、中央邦（原中央省和贝拉尔）、马德拉斯邦（今名金奈）、奥里萨邦、旁遮普邦（原旁遮普省东部，西部归巴基斯坦）、北方邦（原联合省）、西孟加拉邦。
B类——有国王的土邦，包括8个，海得拉巴、查谟-克什米尔、Madhya Bharat（今属中央邦）、迈索尔邦、伯蒂亚拉与东旁遮普联合邦（今属旁遮普邦）、拉贾斯坦、索拉什特拉（今属古吉拉特邦）、特拉凡哥尔与科钦（今属喀拉拉邦）。C类——英属印度省份与土邦的混合产物，包括10个，阿杰梅尔、博帕尔、比拉斯布尔、古尔格、德里、喜马偕尔、喀奇、曼尼普尔、特里普拉、温迪亚。
D类——安达曼—尼科巴群岛。

1949年宪法压根就没提及锡金，同时这部宪法的附表1（内容是以列表形式列出印度各邦）也没有锡金。1956年修宪是因为当年印度进行行政区划调整，撤掉了一批较小的邦（主要是C类），使得238条名不副实，所以整个删掉了。

1975年印度吞并锡金的时候，印度修宪分两步走：

第一步，3月1日进行第35次修宪，修改第80条（联邦院）、第81条（人民院），在国会两院中为锡金增设特别席位（此时锡金尚不是印度正式的邦，无法参照其他邦一样享受宪法规定的国会席位，因此要单独在宪法里给它加上，用的是特别席位的名义）；在第2条（原为规定印度各邦及其领土参见宪法附表1）增设条款“Sikkim to be associated with the Union”，载明印度和锡金的关联状态（为吞并锡金作准备）；增设宪法附表10，内容是印度对锡金的全面控制（把傀儡国明明确确列入宪法举世罕见）。

印度第35次修宪附件10全文：
`TENTH SCHEDULE[Articles 2A, 80(1) and 81(1)]PART ATERRITORIES OF SIKKIM1. Sikkim.---Sikkim comprises the following territories, namely:-The territories which, immediately before the coming into force of the Government of Sikkim Act, 1974, were comprised in Sikkim.PART BTERMS AND CONDITIONS OF ASSOCIATION OF SIKKIM WITH THE UNION2. Responsibilities of the Government of India.-(1) The Government of India-(a) shall be solely responsible for the defence and territorial integrity of Sikkim and for the conduct and regulation of the external relations of Sikkim, whether political, economic or financial;(b) shall have the exclusive right of constructing, maintaining and regulating the use of railways, aerodromes, landing grounds and air navigation facilities, posts, telegraphs, telephones and wireless installations in Sikkim;(c) shall be responsible for securing the economic and social development of Sikkim and for ensuring good administration and for the maintenance of communal harmony therein;(d) shall be responsible for providing facilities for students from Sikkim in institutions for higher learning in India and for the employment of people from Sikkim in the public service of India (including the All-India Services), at par with those available to citizens of India;(e) shall be responsible for providing facilities for the participation and representation of the people of Sikkim in the political institutions of India.(2) The provisions contained in this paragraph shall not be enforceable by any court.3. Exercise of certain powers by the President.-The President may, by general or special order, provide-(a) for the inclusion of the planned development of Sikkim within the ambit of the planning authority of India while that authority is preparing plans for the economic and social development of India, and for appropriately associating officials from Sikkim in such work;(b) for the exercise of all or any of the powers vested or sought to be vested in the Government of India in or in relation to Sikkim under the Government of Sikkim Act, 1974.4. Representation in Parliament.-Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution-(a) there shall be allotted to Sikkim one seat in the Council of States and one seat in the House of the People;(b) the representative of Sikkim in the Council of States shall be elected by the members of the Sikkim Assembly;(c) the representative of Sikkim in the House of the People shall be chosen by direct election, and for this purpose, the whole of Sikkim shall form one parliamentary constituency to be called the parliamentary constituency for Sikkim:Provided that the representative of Sikkim in the House of the People in existence at the commencement of the Constitution (Thirty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1974, shall be elected by the members of the Sikkim Assembly;(d) there shall be one general electoral roll for the parliamentary constituency for Sikkim and every person whose name is for the time being entered in the electoral roll of any constituency under the Government of Sikkim Act, 1974, shall be entitled to be registered in the general electoral roll for the parliamentary constituency for Sikkim;(e) a person shall not be qualified to be the representative of Sikkim in the Council of States or the House of the People unless he is also qualified to be chosen to fill a seat in the Sikkim Assembly and in the case of any such representative-(i) clause (a) of article 84 shall apply as if the words "is a citizen of India, and" had been omitted therefrom;(ii) clause (3) of article 101 shall apply as if sub-clause (a) had been omitted therefrom;(iii) sub-clause (d) of clause (1) of article 102 shall apply as if the words "is not a citizen of India, or" had been omitted therefrom;(iv) article 103 shall not apply;(f) every representative of Sikkim in the Council of States or in the House of the People shall be deemed to be a member of the Council of States or the House of the People, as the case may be, for all the purposes of this Constitution except as respects the election of the President or the Vice-President:Provided that in he case of any such representative, clause (2) of article 101 shall apply as if for the words "a House of the Legislature of a State", in both the places where they occur, and for the words "the Legislature of the State", the words "the Sikkim Assembly" had been substituted;(g) if a representative of Sikkim, being a member of the Council of States or the House of the People, becomes subject to any of the disqualifications for being a member of the Sikkim Assembly or for being the representative of Sikkim in the Council of States or the House of the People, his seat as a member of the Council of States or the House of the People, as the case may be, shall thereupon become vacant;(h) if any question arises as to whether a representative of Sikkim, being a member of the Council of States or the House of the People, has become subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in clause (g) of this paragraph, the question shall be referred for the decision of the President and his decision shall be final: Provided that before giving any decision on any such question, the President shall obtain the opinion of the Election Commission and shall act according to such opinion; (i) the superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of the electoral rolls for the conduct of elections to Parliament under this paragraph of the representatives of Sikkim shall be vested in the Election Commission and the provisions of clauses (2), (3), (4) and (6) of article 324 shall, so far as may be, apply to and in relation to all such elections; (j) Parliament may, subject to the provisions of this paragraph, from time to time by law make provision with respect to all matters relating to, or in connection with, such elections to either House of Parliament; (k) no such election to either House of Parliament shall be called in question except by an election petition presented to such authority and in such manner as may be provided for by or under any law made by Parliament. Explanation.-In this paragraph, the expression "the Sikkim Assembly" shall mean the Assembly for Sikkim constituted under the Government of Sikkim Act, 1974. 5. Schedule not to derogate from agreements, etc.-The provisions of this Schedule shall be in addition to, and not in derogation of, any other power, jurisdiction, rights and authority which the Government of India has or may have in or in relation to Sikkim under any agreement, grant, usage, sufferance or other lawful arrangement.'.

第二步，4月26日进行第36次修宪，将第80条、第81条中有关锡金特别席位的内容删掉，锡金国会两院席位的法律来源与其他各邦、中央直辖区统一；在第2条新增条款去掉（此时锡金已不再是独立国家，和印度的关联状态自然也没了）；删掉附表10（吞并大业已经完成，留着这玩意儿在宪法里给谁看？）；更新附表1，把锡金邦列为印度第22邦。

印度1975年这两次修宪，间隔时间不到2个月，上一次加入的内容下一次就删了，完全是为了吞并锡金走个法律过场。但也从侧面证明，1975年之前无论印度对锡金控制程度有多深，但在宪法上始终未将其视为印度一部分。这是印度自己的态度，要不然它吞个锡金还把宪法来回折腾，不是脱了裤子放屁吗？

图片:1. India Pakistan.png

图片:india-animated-changing-political-map-1951-2013-010813.gif

所以西方人为什么要画不带锡金的印度地图（1950）？

1975年前，锡金不是独立国家，是印度宗主权属下的领地，1975年后，才是印度完全主权的领土，本身这就是事实，没有什么争议的。犹如1959年夏威夷，阿拉斯加才成为美国领土，1920年希瓦，布哈拉才并入俄国，但是，问题是之前他们也不是独立的，而是美俄属领。

好比马恩岛，海峡群岛与英国，1809-1917年之芬兰与俄国，在地图上是一体的。不过英俄没有把一体中的属领正式领土化，如此而已。假如1946年菲律宾不是脱离美国独立，而是成为美国一个州，这倒与锡金1975年有点类似。

我帖的地图，特点是当时即时的，官方半官方地图，明确反应了当时各国的态度，证据等级不言而喻。
至于现在制作的回顾性的，制图者是否代表政府不明，或纯粹民间(有可能纯粹是后来制作的，学术性回顾的研讨性的历史地图)的地图，证据等级显然完全无法与前者相比。

北国江南:
我帖的地图，特点是当时即时的，官方半官方地图，明确反应了当时各国的态度，证据等级不言而喻。
至于现在制作的回顾性的，制图者是否代表政府不明，或纯粹民间(有可能纯粹是后来制作的，学术性回顾的研讨性的历史地图)的地图，证据等级显然完全无法与前者相比。

当时人做的地图的效力也不是绝对的，就像1992年之前中国不承认韩国，在地图上只画出朝鲜一样，你难道能说从1948年至92年间韩国不存在？

锡金在印度独立后至1975年这段地位，是1947时印度制宪会议，尼赫鲁妥协的产物。尼赫鲁当时说得很明白，锡金、不丹不作为印度的一部分，它们的前途由单独谈判决定。虽然在尼赫鲁眼中，锡金毫无疑问是印度的一部分，但它十分特殊。鉴于当时制宪会议的主要矛盾是尽早独立，处理好与英国、英联邦的关系，世俗主义和宗教主义的对抗，锡金问题和这些大事相比实在是不值一提，所以尼赫鲁妥协了。


1947年1月22日，印度制宪会议议程：

There are three items in the Agenda to-day--
     1. Discussion of the Resolution that has been going on for some days.
     2. Another Resolution about Bhutan and Sikkim to be moved by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, and
     3. Budget.

尼赫鲁的发言：
The question has arisen as to how we have to deal with certain areas which are not Indian States. In this Resolution before us, Bhutan and Sikkim are mentioned.
Bhutan is in a sense an Independent State under the protection of India. Sikkim is in a sense an Indian State but different from the other. It is not proper to think of Bhutan therefore in the same category as an Indian State. I do not know what the future position of Bhutan might be in relation to India. That is a matter to be determined in consultation and in co-operation with the representatives of Bhutan. There is no question of compulsion in the matter. Now the terms of reference of the Committee you have appointed on the last occasion will not entitle it to tackle any such problem. Those terms are limited to the method of representation in this Assembly and the distribution of seats. I would like to say that there is some objection raised on the part of the Indian Princes to Negotiating Committee as to why the terms of reference have been so limited by us. They have been limited for obvious reasons--that all the later problems of the Indian States are going to be dealt with by those representatives of Indian States when they come and it would be absurd for us to come to final decisions with regard to the main problems before the representatives are here. Therefore deliberately we limited the functions of our Negotiating Committee. But in limiting them we prevented them from dealing with other problems which may arise in regard to territories which are not Indian States, specially Bhutan and Sikkim, and this Resolution gives them authority to meet representatives of Bhutan and Sikkim and discuss any special problems that may arise. I want to make it clear, on the one hand, that this Constituent Assembly has every right to discuss problems with even Independent States, if necessary. There is nothing to limit our right to discuss our future relations with the Independent States but for the moment. I am not dealing with that problem. Whatever the position of Bhutan might be, there is no question that we have the power and authority to deal with their representatives. This is in no way trying to lessen the status of Bhutan's present position. Whatever this may be it will be recognized to be something entirely different to that of Indian States. We are simply empowering our Committee to deal with the representatives and then to report to this Constituent assembly the result of those negotiations.

所以这是为什么1949年的《印度宪法》完全没有提及锡金的原因，就是因为之前1947年达成的政治协议将锡金、不丹排除在印度之外了。同样未建邦的安达曼—尼科巴群岛都在宪法中有安排，锡金、不丹却毫无踪迹。
至于锡金后来被吞并，一是锡金早年确实沦为土邦，在印度人潜意识里就该和海得拉巴一样被并入印度。二是印度派驻锡金的专员掌管锡金、不丹、西藏事务，是以锡金为中心控制这三地，印度对锡金的掌控能力最强。三是锡金在这三地中实力最为弱小，根本就是傀儡国。但傀儡国并不能否认当时锡金不是印度一部分，充其量是一个待议区。不丹在1968年之前没有和世界上任何一个国家建交，也不影响它独立于印度之外。

小灰灰看灰机:当时人做的地图的效力也不是绝对的，就像1992年之前中国不承认韩国，在地图上只画出朝鲜一样，你难道能说从1948年至92年间韩国不存在？
锡金在印度独立后至1975年这段地位，是1947时印度制宪会议，尼赫鲁妥协的产物。尼赫鲁当时说得很明白，锡金、不丹不作为印度的一部分，它们 .. (2019-06-01 20:03) 

这当然不是绝对的，不存在非黑即白，全或无。但是证据明显是有相对强弱性的。
不说美国的地图，中国1950年代的官方地图，我所见的都是把锡金画入印度(其实严格说应该是马恩岛海峡群岛俄属芬兰的地位），而尼泊尔，不丹是独立国家。这显然对我国后来认为的锡金是独立国家不利的证据（从法律上说，作出对自己不利的供述，证据等级是极高的）。

北国江南:1975年前，锡金不是独立国家，是印度宗主权属下的领地，1975年后，才是印度完全主权的领土，本身这就是事实，没有什么争议的。犹如1959年夏威夷，阿拉斯加才成为美国领土，1920年希瓦，布哈拉才并入俄国，但是，问题是之前他们也不是独立的，而是美俄属领。
好比马恩岛，海峡群岛 .. (2019-06-01 18:32) 

好像历史上的合并建制领土是不是美国领土确实是有争议的。

外星来客:好像历史上的合并建制领土是不是美国领土确实是有争议的。 (2019-06-01 20:50) 

所有这些争议，是因为宗主权，领地的性质问题。
比如，从广义上讲，1867-1959年的阿拉斯加，是美国的一部分，但从狭义上讲，却不是美国一部分，要到1959年后才是。

北国江南:所有这些争议，是因为宗主权，领地的性质问题。
比如，从广义上讲，1867-1959年的阿拉斯加，是美国的一部分，但从狭义上讲，却不是美国一部分，要到1959年后才是。 (2019-06-01 21:00) 

准主权都是有争议的。例如袁道台（不是某些人YY的总督）莅临朝鲜时，朝鲜算不是清朝领土。

honey1860$:
对的，参照国内许多年轻人，印度人也会趁机高呼“收复缅甸”。

描述:英朝印度

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描述:民族份子認為的大印度

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描述:自古以來的印度

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再看了34楼老外的回顾性，非官方的图，感觉随意性很大，第一张克什米尔是灰的(包括了中国部分），没有写明一半多在1947-1949年中就属于印度。

第二张图是印度正式领土——邦的逐渐变化与增加，按此图标准，美国西部各地，虽然早己属于美国，但要到正式加入联邦，成为美之州后，才能画入，阿拉斯加，夏威夷最迟，要1959年才画入。而波多黎各，美属维尔京，萨摩亚，关岛，北马里亚纳，及其他忽略不计的小岛(威克，中途，约翰斯顿，巴尔米拉等等……)则不可能画入美国。此外，整个克什米尔，包括阿克塞钦，却一直都画入印度，显然不符合实际。

所以，两图都是民间自由看法，随意性大，自相矛盾处多，不严谨性限制了它们的参考价值。

北国江南:如果英国1937年不把缅甸从英属印度划出来，那么有可能缅甸现在也是“印度不可分割的一部分”（当然，只是可能，也不一定如此）。 (2015-02-16 18:34) 

那一定会是印巴缅分治，而且印度东北划给缅甸的概率会更大。

hand:支持锡金复国主义。 (2017-07-08 21:03) 

没用，锡金在海外没有民众，更没有多金的支持者。

夕阳西下:那一定会是印巴缅分治，而且印度东北划给缅甸的概率会更大。 (2021-08-30 16:51) 

未必，缅历史上主要是印度化。且闹腾明显比不上穆斯林及巴独分子。

北国江南:未必，缅历史上主要是印度化。且闹腾明显比不上穆斯林及巴独分子。 (2021-08-31 11:42) 

那是一定的。英国一直在着手印缅分治，比印巴分治要早得多。

印度化，想多了。英国对缅甸和印东的民族几乎束手无策，几十年才推进一小步。印度化？印东七邦现在都没印度化。
所以反而是将无法容易纳入印度的缅甸和印东，想尽办法非印度化。只是二战打断了这一进程。

夕阳西下:那是一定的。英国一直在着手印缅分治，比印巴分治要早得多。
印度化，想多了。英国对缅甸和印东的民族几乎束手无策，几十年才推进一小步。印度化？印东七邦现在都没印度化。
所以反而是将无法容易纳入印度的缅甸和印东，想尽办法非印度化。只是二战打断了这一进程。
....... (2021-09-02 03:01) 

没有什么是一定，说这种话就是极端，即使可能性99%，也是你输。

夕阳西下:那是一定的。英国一直在着手印缅分治，比印巴分治要早得多。
印度化，想多了。英国对缅甸和印东的民族几乎束手无策，几十年才推进一小步。印度化？印东七邦现在都没印度化。
所以反而是将无法容易纳入印度的缅甸和印东，想尽办法非印度化。只是二战打断了这一进程。
....... (2021-09-02 03:01) 

这个确实，之前从微博上问到:可惜印度教国族族义还真对印东北没啥办法，这点确实蛮信息茧房，别说少民那就连比哈尔邦印度教都摆布不开，沙门思想原始佛教和纳萨尔运动都在那一带爆发发展。大阿萨姆地区更是直接改造了好几种本土外来宗教，有的简直面目全非，就连印地人的耆那教锡克教都想尽办法自成一体反抗大婆罗门主义
接着的更不消说文化种族社会模式都跟印地人天差地远的印东北少民了，一神教或无论论宗教是一种反抗主流叙事的姿态，更多的身份建构区别印地人的表现，就连天地不忿的穆斯林在印度也被同化为某种隐性的种姓，你让其他人咋不警觉？克钦人那加人曼尼普尔人钦族等本身发展出一套不分民族认同的社会生存模式