http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=92473&do=blog&id=274237 关于交通对经济的作用,国内交通学界的观点多年来是保持乐观的。体现在专业教学中,相信受过专业教育的朋友不会陌生。 追溯起来,这乐观源自清末世界范围内对铁路争先恐后的乐观态度。不同的是,随后的一百多年里,西方学界进行了细致的研究,得到了丰富的具有说服力的结论;而国内情况则貌似人云亦云,乐观的程度在口耳相传中进一步加强,并扩展到大交通范围。
凭个人寡闻,俺冒昧地以为,是时候引荐认识下西方交通与经济关系的研究概况。
一、早期的“促进”观
早期的观点认为,交通‘促进’经济发展;代表人物有,经济史学家华尔特•惠特曼•罗斯托(Rostow,1966),曾言‘
历史上,铁路建设给国家带来了巨大的社会财富,美国、法国、德国、加拿大和俄国等皆如此!’
一又一、更进一步,该观点将促进作用分为‘直接促进’和‘间接促进’两类
直接促进包括,运输成本降低及随之而来的消费和原料市场范围扩大,这点对于一些依赖国际贸易的国家尤其重要;
间接促进则包括,交通建设、
管理和服务所产生的就业;交通建设对其他行业如铁、矿、石油等产生的经济乘数效应;此外,交通建设及管理也使从业人员积累了知识和经验,这一点对于不发达国家和地区意味着技术资本的引入。
二、近代的“允许”观
近代的观点则更倾向认为,交通‘允许’(帮助)经济发展。交通经济学家Button坦言,‘经济发展是个复杂的过程,其中交通的功能是使国家的资源和人才能够流通。后者才是经济发展的直接原因’。
这一点,在发展中国家尤其明显。学者Ahmed 1976,‘在许多发展中国家,交通设施的匮乏是其社会经济发展的主要瓶颈。常常地,交通缺位,意味着其他社会资源无法流通,例如教育和医疗服务;交通供给不足,限制了农业现代技术在国家范围内的传播,以及农业与其他经济产业间的市场联系。上述种种原因,导致农业生产效率惨低,这对发展中国家的经济是致命的。
因此,从这方面来看,交通更大程度上是帮助经济发展,却非直接促进之功。
国内的一句口号,常见于乡村,深刻概括了这种关系,仅用六个字:“要想富,先修路!” 三、交通‘失败’观点
There is a feeling among some economists that an excessive amount of scarce resources sometimes tend to be devoted to transport improvements.
At a given point in economic development, a country requires a certain level of transport provision so that its growth potential is maximized. That means there is an optimum transport capacity for any development level. It has been argued, however, that there are economic forces that tend to lead to an excess of transport provision (especially high cost infrastructure) at the expense of more efficient and productive projects.
Wilson (1966)在其编著的书中 pointed to the lumpiness of transport capital which together with its longevity and associated externalities makes it particularly difficult to estimate future costs and benefits. Consequently, decisions to devote resources to transport are not easily reversible or readily corrected.
并且,发展经济学家,阿尔伯特•赫希曼 (Hirschman,1958)在其书中指出了The political acceptability of transport的原因是the sector attracts resources quite simply because it is difficult for mistakes (of an economic nature) to be proved even after major projects have been completed. Also development planners tend to be mainly concerned with allocating public investment funds and it is , therefore, natural that they should claim transport, communications, etc. as being of overriding and fundamental importance. Further, given the industrial composition of wealthier developed countries with an established heavy industrial base, tied aid for transport schemes has a firm attraction. Those adopting this rather skeptical approach to the role of transport, therefore, accept that an adequate basic transport system is an obvious sine qua non for modern economic development but question whether the opportunity costs involved in further improving transport are necessarily justified.
结语
交通可以使得生产要素(劳动力、土地、资本、企业家甚至知识和技术)摆脱地理空间的限制,并且交通技术进步则使得上述要素流动代价更低。此外,交通还带来一系列的连带作用,例如,创造和扩大相关行业的市场,引发潜在的社会资源流动并反过来作用于经济发展。
需要注意的是,交通技术进步或水平的提高的是有成本的。考虑机会成本,判断交通投资是否过度,防止浪费,是当代交通制度下应当引起重视的问题。