[美国]Local governments in USA [复制链接]

以下是引用变速球在2003-12-16 5:18:51的发言：
From US census of Governments 2002 documents.

以下是引用变速球在2003-12-16 4:52:36的发言：
Most of the people here might think USA has a simple classification of local administration: i. e. state-county-city.
Actually this is an oversimplication. USA has a very complicate organization of local governments, although still much simpler than China.許多人認爲美國的地方政府序列很簡單，即州-縣-市鎮；但它實際上很複雜，儘管比中國的還是要簡單些。
USA currently has 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Except for Alaska and Lousiana, all other states in USA are divided into counties. Alaska has boroughs, whereas Lousiana has parrishes, which are equivalent to the counties of other states.美國包括50個州和哥倫比亞特區。除阿拉斯加和路易斯安那外，其他州分為縣；阿拉斯加的borough和路州的parish類似於縣。
Not all counties(including boroughs and parrishes mentioned above) actually have governments, though:不是所有的縣都有政府。
1. Some countie are designated as city-counties and basically their governments serve as a city governments:一些縣作爲城市縣，相當於市政府。
Alaska: City and Borough of Anchorage, City and Borough of Juneau, City and Borough of Sitka, and City and Borough of Yakutat;
California: City and County of San Francisco;
Colorado: City and County of Broomfield, and City and County of Denver;
Hawaii: City and County of Honolulu;
Kansas: Unified Government of Wyandotte County and City of Kansas City;
Montana: Anaconda-Deer Lodge County, and Butte-Silver Bow County
以上是一些例子
2. Some counties are consolidated with cities and their governments serve as a city governments (classified as metropolitan governments).有些縣和市基本重疊，建立大都市政府。
Tennessee: Hartsville-Trousdale County, Lynchburg-Moore County, and Nashville-Davidson County.
3. Some counties have governments as part of another government.
有些縣的政府是另一個政府的一部分。
Florida: County of Duval (City of Jacksonville);
Georgia: County of Clarke (City of Athens), County of Muscogee (City of Columbus), County of Richmond (City of Augusta);
Hawaii: County of Kalawao (State of Hawaii);
Indiana: County of Marion (City of Indianapolis);
Kentucky: Lexington-Fayette Urban County
Lousiana: Parrish of East Baton Rouge (City of Baton Rouge), Parrish of Lafayette (City of Lafayette), Parrish of Orleans (City of New Orleans), and Terrebonne Parish Consolidated Government;
Massachusetts: County of Nantucket (Town of Nantucket), and County of Suffolk (City of Boston);
New York: Counties of Bronx, Kings, Queens, Richmond and New York (Borroughs of Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island and Manhattan, all parts of New York City);
Pennsylvania: County of Philadelphia (City of Philadelphia).
4. Counted as a county but actually a city and a District (equal to a state) is Washington City (the District of Columbia).哥倫比亞特區華盛頓市，可看作縣。
5. Cities located outside of any county or the its equivalent:市委於任何縣/br/prs外。
Maryland: Baltimore City Missouri: St. Louis City Nevada: Carson City
Virginia: all independent cities獨立市 in Virginia, i. e. Alexandria, Bedford, Bristol, Buena Vista, Charlottesville, Chesapeake, Colonial Heights, Covington, Danville, Emporia, Fairfax, Falls Church, Franklin, Fredericksburg, Galax, Hampton, Harrisonburg, Hopewell, Lexington, Lynchburg, Manassas, Manassas Park, Martinville, Newport News, Norfolk, Norton, Petersburg, Poquoson, Portsmouth, Radford, Richmond, Roanoke, Salem, Staunton, Suffolk, Virginia Beach, Waynesboro, Williamsburg, and Winchester.
6. Although geographically the counties exist, but no functional county government.
有縣但沒有事實上的縣政府。
Connecticut: Fairfield, Hartford, Litchfield, Middlesex, New Haven, New London, Tolland, and Windlam.
Massachusetts: Berkshire, Essex, Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire, Middlesex, and Worcester.
Rhode Island: Bristol, Kent, Newport, Providence, and Washington.
7. Certain areas in Alaska are designated as counties in census, but no organized county government there.阿拉斯加特定地區在統計時當作縣，但沒有縣政府。
Alaska: Aleutians West, Bethel, Dillingham, Nome, Prince of Wales-Outer Ketchikan, Skagway-Hoonah-Angoon, Southeast Fairbanks, Valdez-Cordova, Wade Hampton, Wrangall-Paterson, and Yukon-Kayukuk.
Because of this, about 10% of the whole American population lives in area out of any county.綜上原因，月10%的美國人住再不是縣的地方。
Subcounty governments include municipal governments and township governments.
縣下的政府包括城市政府和鄉鎮政府。
Municipal governments include cities, boroughs (except for Alaska), towns (Except for Minnesota, New York, Wisconsin, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont and Maine) and villages.
城市政府包括市，自治市（除了阿拉斯加的brg），鎮（除了mnst,ny),wscs,cntc,ri,mscst,nhpshr,vmt,mn和村。
The township governments exist in the co-called "township states" (as opposite to the county states):
Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont and Wisconsin.鄉鎮政府設立在這些州（相對於“縣”州）：
Among these states, the 6 New England States (Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont and Maine), plus New York and Wisconsin,
the township governments are designated as towns, 包括6個新英格蘭州、紐約，威斯康星，稱為鎮；while in some part of Maine and New Hampshire, they care called as plantations and locations, respectively. 在面因和新罕不什兒的一些地區稱爲種植園或區In all the other township states, the township governments are designated as townships.其他設真的州的鄉鎮政府是鄉。
Some of the townships are absorbed by cities and no longer serve as a local government. Some of the townships lack the government altogether. Also in Iowa, the townships are subdivision of the county governments, not independent governments.有些鄉鎮被城市吞併；有些則沒有政府；在愛奧瓦，鄉是縣下的分區，但不是獨立的政府

以下是引用变速球在2003-12-17 3:11:50的发言：
about 2, 3, county and city in US is not really the relationship of upper government and lower government. They are both local government bodies. The city has some home-ruling rights, that means they are autonomous on certain issues such as police, fire station, and urban road maintenance. However, in terms of taxes, or driver's license and this kind of issues, you gotta meet the county. County also has the jail and provide public service for those outside any city.
美國的縣和市不是簡單的上下級關係。市在其轄區内有一定權利，如警察、消防、道路維護等。但是稅收、駕駛執照等事務應到縣里去辦；縣還有監獄，並為不屬於市的地區提供公共服務。
New York City is consisted of 5 counties, which is rather an exception. Other cities in my knowledge never surpass their host county.紐約包括了5個縣，是個特例。沒有別的市超越了所在縣的邊界。
In the Northeast the things are different. Many Northeastern States counties are traditionally weak and towns, townships and cities take care of most local governmental service.在東北部，許多州的縣較弱，由鎮、鄉、市處理地方政務。

以下是引用湖鹰在2004-12-29 18:16:23的发言：
[quote]以下是引用变速球在2003-12-17 3:11:50的发言：
about 2, 3, county and city in US is not really the relationship of upper government and lower government. They are both local government bodies. The city has some home-ruling rights, that means they are autonomous on certain issues such as police, fire station, and urban road maintenance. However, in terms of taxes, or driver's license and this kind of issues, you gotta meet the county. County also has the jail and provide public service for those outside any city.
美國的縣和市不是簡單的上下級關係。市在其轄區内有一定權利，如警察、消防、道路維護等。但是稅收、駕駛執照等事務應到縣里去辦；縣還有監獄，並為不屬於市的地區提供公共服務。
New York City is consisted of 5 counties, which is rather an exception. Other cities in my knowledge never surpass their host county.紐約包括了5個縣，是個特例。沒有別的市超越了所在縣的邊界。
In the Northeast the things are different. Many Northeastern States counties are traditionally weak and towns, townships and cities take care of most local governmental service.在東北部，許多州的縣較弱，由鎮、鄉、市處理地方政務。