[美国]体验洛杉矶的行政建制 [复制链接]

就是昆斯Queens

美国是美国!人家没人想当官!咱们这儿大家都想当官!否则国家好多拉!

以下是引用无形在2003-7-22 9:35:06的发言：
差别太大，能够借鉴的也不多

闭着眼睛说吧

以下是引用cheehg在2004-6-18 13:33:13的发言：
纽约市包含曼哈顿,斯塔滕岛，昆斯、布鲁克林、布朗克斯.五个区

没有机会到纽约居住，只能翻看一下我手头的地图： 纽约市是分为曼哈顿（Mahattan）、斯塔滕岛（Staten Island）、布鲁克林（Brooklin）、昆斯（Queens）、布朗克斯（Bronx）五个区,而且前3个是红色字体，后2个是黑色字体，字体颜色上的区别代表什么我不清楚。
同时，与县的标注法相同蓝色分界和名称也出现在纽约市的区域上：
Mahattan——New York；
Staten Island——Richmond；
Brooklin——Kings；
Queens——Queens；
Bronx——Bronx.

纽约市是由曼哈顿（Mahattan）、斯塔滕岛（Staten Island）、布鲁克林（Brooklin）、昆斯（Queens）、布朗克斯（Bronx）五个区组成。实际上是纽约州的县。但是他们受纽约市管辖，没有自己的政府，权力比一般的县要小得多。哈哈，美国也有市管县。不过仅此一例，而却县的区域全为建成区。
The City of New York is composed of five boroughs, each a county of New York State:
Manhattan – New York County, population 1,546,856
The Bronx – Bronx County, population 1,354,068
Brooklyn – Kings County, population 2,488,194
Queens – Queens County, population 2,237,815
Staten Island – Richmond County, population 457,383

The boroughs are coterminous with their respective counties, but the counties do not have actual county governments. Each borough elects a Borough President, but under the current city charter, the Borough President's powers are limited—he or she has a small discretionary budget to spend on projects within the borough. (The last significant power of the borough presidents—to appoint a member of the Board of Education —was abolished, with the board, on June 30, 2002.) Currently, borough presidents serve as ex officio members of various boards and committees.

Residents of the city often refer to the city itself as "the Five Boroughs," reserving the phrase "the City" to refer to Manhattan. Those less familiar with the city often (incorrectly) think Manhattan is synonymous with New York City. The boroughs other than Manhattan are also referred to as "the Outer Boroughs."

按中国的习惯，纽约市会成为一个有2000多万人口的超级城市。城市建成区包括4个州的几十个县。
The metropolitan area of New York City, also called Greater New York or Greater New York City encompasses the New York--Northern New Jersey--Long Island, NY--NJ--CT--PA Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA). The total population of the New York Metropolitan Area is 21,199,865 (as of 2000).

New York City, Long Island, and a small part of Pennsylvania

Dutchess County, New York PMSA280,150
Dutchess County 280,150
Nassau--Suffolk, NY PMSA 2,753,913
Nassau County, New York 1,334,544
Suffolk County, New York 1,419,369
New York, New York PMSA 9,314,235
Bronx County, New York 1,332,650
Kings County, New York 2,465,326
New York County, New York1,537,195
Putnam County, New York 95,745
Queens County, New York 2,229,379
Richmond County, New York443,728
Rockland County, New York286,753
Westchester County, New York 923,459
Newburgh, NY--PA PMSA387,669
Orange County, New York 341,367
Pike County, Pennsylvania46,302
Northern New Jersey

Bergen--Passaic, NJ PMSA 1,373,167
Bergen County, New Jersey884,118
Passaic County, New Jersey 489,049
Jersey City, NJ PMSA 608.975
Hudson County, New Jersey608,975
Middlesex--Somerset--Hunterdon, NJ PMSA 1,169,641
Hunterdon County, New Jersey 121,989
Middlesex County, New Jersey 750,162
Somerset County, New Jersey 297,490
Monmouth--Ocean, NJ PMSA 1,126,217
Monmouth County, New Jersey 615,301
Ocean County, New Jersey 510,916
Newark, New Jersey PMSA 2,032,989
Essex County, New Jersey 793,633
Morris County, New Jersey470,212
Sussex County, New Jersey144,166
Union County, New Jersey 522,541
Warren County, New Jersey102,437
Trenton, NJ PMSA 350,761
Mercer County, New Jersey350,761
Southern Connecticut

Bridgeport, CT PMSA 459,479
Fairfield County, Connecticut (part) 345,708
Bridgeport town 139,529
Easton town 7,272
Fairfield town57,340
Monroe town 19,247
Shelton town 38,101
Stratford town49,976
Trumbull town 34,243
New Haven County, Connecticut (part) 113,771
Ansonia town 18,554
Beacon Falls town 5,246
Derby town12,391
Milford town 52,305
Oxford town 9,821
Seymour town 15,454
Danbury, CT PMSA 217,980
Fairfield County (part) 183,303
Bethel town 18,067
Brookfield town 15,664
Danbury town 74,848
New Fairfield town13,953
Newtown town 25,031
Redding town 8,270
Ridgefield town 23,643
Sherman town 3,827
Litchfield County, Connecticut (part) 34,677
Bridgewater town 1,824
New Milford town 27,121
Roxbury town 2,136
Washington town 3,596
New Haven--Meriden, CT PMSA 542,149
Middlesex County, Connecticut (part) 19,112
Clinton town 13,094
Killingworth town 6,018
New Haven County (part) 523,037
Bethany town 5,040
Branford town 28,683
Cheshire town 28,543
East Haven town 28,189
Guilford town 21,398
Hamden town 56,913
Madison town 17,858
Meriden town 58,244
New Haven town123,626
North Branford town 13,906
North Haven town 23,035
Orange town 13,233
Wallingford town 43,026
West Haven town 52,360
Woodbridge town 8,983
Stamford--Norwalk, CT PMSA 353,556
Fairfield County (part) 353,556
Darien town 19,607
Greenwich town61,101
New Canaan town 19,395
Norwalk town 82,951
Stamford town 117,083
Weston town 10,037
Westport town 25,749
Wilton town 17,633
Waterbury, CT PMSA 228,984
Litchfield County (part)41,784
Bethlehem town3,422
Thomaston town7,503
Watertown town21,661
Woodbury town 9,198
New Haven County (part) 187,200
Middlebury town 6,451
Naugatuck town30,989
Prospect town 8,707
Southbury town18,567
Waterbury town107,271
Wolcott town 15,215

以下是引用cheehg在2004-6-19 14:20:42的发言：
纽约市是由曼哈顿（Mahattan）、斯塔滕岛（Staten Island）、布鲁克林（Brooklin）、昆斯（Queens）、布朗克斯（Bronx）五个区组成。实际上是纽约州的县。但是他们受纽约市管辖，没有自己的政府，权力比一般的县要小得多。哈哈，美国也有市管县。不过仅此一例，而却县的区域全为建成区。
The City of New York is composed of five boroughs, each a county of New York State:
Manhattan – New York County, population 1,546,856
The Bronx – Bronx County, population 1,354,068
Brooklyn – Kings County, population 2,488,194
Queens – Queens County, population 2,237,815
Staten Island – Richmond County, population 457,383
The boroughs are coterminous with their respective counties, but the counties do not have actual county governments. Each borough elects a Borough President, but under the current city charter, the Borough President's powers are limited—he or she has a small discretionary budget to spend on projects within the borough. (The last significant power of the borough presidents—to appoint a member of the Board of Education —was abolished, with the board, on June 30, 2002.) Currently, borough presidents serve as ex officio members of various boards and committees.
Residents of the city often refer to the city itself as "the Five Boroughs," reserving the phrase "the City" to refer to Manhattan. Those less familiar with the city often (incorrectly) think Manhattan is synonymous with New York City. The boroughs other than Manhattan are also referred to as "the Outer Boroughs."

从行政区划上，不能认为是纽约市管辖五个县，跟中国的市管县不同。纽约州管县，不直接管市。纽约市是一个特例，它跨了五个县，区县区域合一。我想你是知道美国的市的管理职能很有限。有些机构市是没有的。但纽约市有点不同，如它的法院，它有统一的民事法院，五个县没有。作为纽约州的县，五个县又分别有刑事法院。
从历史来看，名字的不同是因为当初加入的时候是以城市的名义。如布鲁克林，它原是Kings County的第一个城市，后来合并了县内的其他城市，成为市县区域合一。在1898与其它的县一起加入纽约市。即使布鲁克林不加入纽约市，市县区域合一，Kings County与布鲁克林市仍是不同的，有存在的必要。

我的话不严谨。你的理解是合理的。下面的资料可以作为参考。

Brooklyn merges into New York City
In 1898, Brooklyn joined with Richmond (Staten Island), Queens, New York (Manhattan), and Bronx counties to form one of the boroughs of the City of New York. The status of Kings County remained as one of New York State's counties.


Kings County: law and government
Like the other counties which are contained within New York City, there is no separate county government per se though there is a Borough President's office that is part of New York City government and various Community Boards that have authority over specific neighborhoods. Marty Markowitz is currently Borough President. Unlike other counties outside New York City County Courts do not exist there; they have been replaced by New York City Civil Court that deals with small claims, lawsuits under $25,000 and housing cases. Other state offices such as the district attorney (public prosecutor) are organized as in other non-New York City counties.

大长见学问

[/quote]
。另外可以说市辖区域全是建成区，而不能说县辖区域全是建成区，但可以说县辖区域全是聚落区。
我这样理解是否合理，望指正为盼。
[/quote]
我觉得建成区的含义广一点，包括了人口聚落区，交通，工商业区等。 说县辖区域全是城市的建成区可能更确切点。你认为呢？

非常感谢 cheehg兄提供的丰富资料！为这个冷却了近1年的贴子增色不少，也使本人大长见识——讨论到这里，已经超出了洛杉矶的范围，似乎都应当改主题的名字了。

看看旧金山、纽约和首都华盛顿的行政区划建制，感觉美国的行政区划思路非常清晰：有市——县合一体制，如旧金山市和旧金山县；市——特区（相当于州）合一体制，如华盛顿市和哥伦比亚特区；市辖区——县合一体制，如昆斯区和昆斯县，同时又将区域建制和聚落建制分得很清楚。

“我想你是知道美国的市的管理职能很有限。有些机构市是没有的。但纽约市有点不同，如它的法院，它有统一的民事法院，五个县没有。作为纽约州的县，五个县又分别有刑事法院。”
————只是知道一点皮毛而已，有很多还是搞不清楚。美国的很多东西研究得很细致很深入，有些问题连一般的专业人士都回答不了，这也是美国律师、经纪人、顾问咨询公司、培训机构等大行其道的一个原因。市建制属于民间自治团体，州、县则是国家的分级。当然市政府也接受了某些属于国家机构的功能，州县也管理一些民间事务——尤其是没有实行实体市建制的地区。美国有些法院带有行政审判庭的性质，又独立于行政机构，可以看作是自治功能的一部分，也就可以作为市建制的机构——广义市政府的一部分。但是有的情况会有所不同，比如洛杉矶市民事法院不属于洛杉矶市，而属于洛杉矶县，我目前居住的城市——帕萨迪纳市民事法院也是属于洛杉矶县，但是名称是**市法院。纽约的情况我真的不清楚，也许雷同——我猜。刑事法院则不是民间机构的自治范围，只能设在县、州、和国家。

关于建成区与聚落区，我再作点补充，也许这样更有利于理清这个问题。
我理念中的聚落区不是单纯的居民区，甚至比建成区覆盖的范围还要大一些，不严密地说聚落区就是人口比较集中和活动比较频繁的地方。聚落区对应的是原野区，而居民区对应的是商业区、工业区、行政区等等，建成区包括居民区、商业区、工业区、行政区等等。

因为美国是联邦制，所以各州的情况有所不同。一般的州，市和镇的辖区没有覆盖整个县，那些没有被市和镇覆盖的地区，县尤为重要。而马萨诸塞州的市和镇的辖区覆盖了整个县，如中国。而马州又收回了县的大部分职能，如法院，公路。在一些市县区域基本合一的地方，如Suffolk County 和Boston，县的大部分职能已被市代替。

以前有坛友说美国有的州没有县，据我所知，所有的州都有县。连最小的罗得岛州都有5个。

谢谢余兄，你的问题迫使我学了很多新的知识。美国的政府，职能分得很清晰。这也是华盛顿市和哥伦比亚特区要两个政府的原因吧。

阿拉斯加叫 borough和census area。路易斯安娜叫parish，还有好像是康涅狄格，县好像只有统计上的意义。

以下是引用QQme在2004-6-22 0:56:32的发言：
阿拉斯加叫 borough和census area。路易斯安娜叫parish，还有好像是康涅狄格，县好像只有统计上的意义。

你说得没错，但没有州直辖市，镇的。

最近看到的一个资料，谈到洛杉矶大都市地区跨越了5个县的区域，主要是洛杉矶县，橙县，圣伯纳迪诺县3县的部分地区，有大小建制市168个，大的如洛杉矶市超过300万人口，小的则不足1万人口，是否准确就不清楚了，但是感觉有必要做此补充。

什么说到的是大都市概念，所以楼主不能简单的说纽约市跨三州。

我的观点：县、市要分权是毫无疑问的。