[尼泊尔]尼泊尔议会通过新宪法 全国重新划分为7个联邦州2015 [复制链接]

新聞標題
劃定省界 尼泊爾各黨簽突破性協議



新聞網址
http://news.rti.org.tw/news/detail/?p=3&recordId=212424
新聞內文


尼泊爾總理寇瑞拉(Sushil Koirala)今天(9日)表示，尼泊爾各敵對政黨已經就劃定尼泊爾各省分界線問題，簽署了突破性協議，為尼泊爾的新憲法鋪路。


受到尼泊爾4月發生強震的影響，各黨派在6月達成歷史性協議，將尼泊爾全國劃分成8個省份；至於劃定各省邊界的關鍵性任務，則交給聯邦委員會。

各黨派經過多日來的談判之後，終於在8日午夜簽署協議，同時也解決了2008年以來阻礙制憲進展的重大問題。

在這項協議簽署之後，聯邦委員會不再需要設定各省邊界。

寇瑞拉在推特上寫道，一份帶有聯邦主義與劃界的憲法已經獲得確保。他同時呼籲每一個人不要受困在小爭執上，應共同努力打造和發展這個國家。

尼泊爾新聞部長芮亞爾(Minendra Rijal)也表示，這項協議在8日晚上達成，並將憲法的草擬進程向前推進一步。

尼泊爾歷經長年內戰之後，在2007年達成和平協議，2008年廢除君主立憲，轉型共和國。但是制定新憲法的工作持續受到阻礙，歷經兩屆制憲會議都無法達成任務，其中的主要障礙，就是聯邦各省的劃分方式。

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~這是本月初8/8的新聞,可是看起來劃分省界好像沒這麼和平

今天又一則新聞



尼泊爾修憲掀血腥襲擊



【明報專訊】尼泊爾新憲法的爭議引起連串血腥襲擊，繼周一有反新憲集會演變成暴力衝突導致一名18個月大嬰兒和7名警察喪生。歲半嬰及7警喪生示威者昨日在西部城市提卡坡（Tikapur）毋視宵禁上街，放火焚燒房屋，並以槍矛、斧頭和刀攻擊警察。今次新憲法本來是為了令飽受毛派游擊隊煎熬的國家重返和平，但因計劃將國家分成7個省，觸發歷史上一直被邊緣化的社群怒火，質疑新的省界劃分會限制其政治代表性。最新一波衝突是少數民族塔魯族（Tharu）示威者要求獨立建省所引起。~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~``看來到底要劃分幾個省,目前還是有爭議.

第一則新聞說八個省,第二則新聞說七個省.

原文：http://www.ibnlive.com/news/world/nepals-parliament-passes-new-constitution-1100518.html

Nepal passes new Constitution, splits country into 7 federal provinces

Kathmandu: Nepal's Constituent Assembly on Wednesday overwhelmingly approved a new constitution after seven years of painstaking efforts and deliberations, splitting the country into seven federal provinces. Constituent Assembly Chairman Subash Nemwang announced the charter was passed by a 507-25 vote in the 601-seat assembly after the voting. Lawmakers raised their hands in celebration after the announcement was made. Now, the bill will become Nepal's new charter once the lawmakers sign and the CA Chairperson authenticates it.
The constitution was pushed through the assembly despite protests by ethnic minority groups. It will split Nepal into seven federal provinces. Some ethnic groups have opposed the makeup, borders and size of the provinces. When put to split voting after the endorsement of individual articles and schedules, the entire Revised Bill garnered support from 507 out of 532 lawmakers who were present in the parliament.
Constituent Assembly Chairman Subash Nemwang announced the charter was passed by a 507-25 vote in the 601-seat assembly after the voting.
The lawmakers from Nepali Congress, CPN-UML and UCPN- Maoist supported the draft constitution. The voting was boycotted by smaller opposition parties. As many as 25 lawmakers belonging to pro-Hindu and pro-monarchist Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal cast their vote against the bill. Most of the Madhes-based parties, whose combined strength is 60, boycotted the voting process.
After announcing the result of the voting, Nembang asked the lawmakers to sign on the dossiers on Friday. The government is planning to declare public holiday on September 20 and 21 to celebrate the occasion. Major ruling parties have directed their cadres and supporters to lit colourful lights on September 20 to celebrate the occasion.
In the CA meeting scheduled for September 20, President Ram Baran Yadav will announce the promulgation of new constitution through the sovereign body elected by the people. Nepal was declared a secular state in 2006 after the end of decade-long civil war between Maoist insurgents and the state that claimed nearly 16,000 lives.
A CA was elected in 2008 after the abolishment of the Himalayan country's 240-year-old Hindu monarchy, but it could not finish its task despite four extensions. Subsequently, a second CA was elected in 2013 which deliberated the draft constitution for over two years. The drafting process was accelerated after the deadly-quake of April 12 that claimed more than 9,000 lives in the country of of 28 million people.

Federal Nepal : Timeline and Proposals




List of proposed federal structures and Timeline of related events.



Sep 1, 2015: 5 protrsters killed in violent protest organized by Madheshi front in Bara & Persa districts of south eastern Nepal. Tharu protest in south western Nepal is still on going.

Aug 24, 2015: 8 police officers (including SSP Laxman Neupane, inspectors Balaram Bishta and Keshav Bohora and 2 others from Nepal police and 2 from APF), one child and 3 protesters killed in Kailali district in a violent protest organized by Tharuhat/ Tharuwan united front. Some police officers were burnt alive. Other 17 from Police and 21 from APF were injured in the incident. Tharu protesters are demanding Tharuhat state in future federal Nepal. Following the incident emergency meeting of the National Security Council in Kathmandu decided to deploy the army in Kailali, Sarlahi and Rautahat districts.

Aug 21, 2015: After several protests in two weeks 3 major political parties (Congress, UML & Maoist) now agree on a new 7 states model. Three parties have combined 451 (75%) seats in Constituent assembly. 4th party from earlier agreement (Forum-democratic) opposed the agreement.

图片:1.png

The 6th state from the earlier "6-state model" is divided into two creating new 6th and 7th state. Salyan district from earlier 5th state is given to new state-6. One village (thori) from parsa district in state-2 is given to state-3.
---
Many regional organizations and parties protested against earlier proposed 6 states model demanding:-
- Akhanda Sudur-paschim (undivided far-west region)
- Akhanda Madhya-paschim (undivided mid-west region)
- Tharuhat Pradesh (from Nawalparasi to Kanchanpur excluding hill districts)
- Karnali pradesh (including present Karnali zone)
---
Aug 8, 2015: Four major political parties (Congress, UML, Maoist and Forum-Democratic) agree on a new 6 states model. All new 6 states will have boundary with India. 4 states (except 2 Lumbini & Madhesh) will have boundary with China as well.

图片:6 states.gif

6 & 7 states by Congress (source: ekantipur.com)

June 9, 2015 : Four major political parties (Congress, UML, Maoist and Forum-Democratic) agree on 8 state model. But boundaries are not finalized.

Oct 27, 2014: CPN-UML proposes 4 states model. Each states will consists hills and terai regions. The proposed four states are: Eastern, Central, Gandak & Karnali. (Link) Later other leaders of UML criticized this idea. UML officially supports Congress 6 or 7 states model. (Link)


Oct 12, 2014: Nepali Congress proposed two model of six- or seven-states (Link)

Eastern:

图片:QQ截图20150902042204.png

Apr 28, 2012 : UML presented the new proposal to federate the country into 12 states. (L)


Jan 19, 2012 : State Reconstruction Commission proposes two separate federal structures, one with 11 states (including one non territorial state) and another with 6 states.

图片:2012 jan.png

10+1 states by SRC

Jan 20, 2010: State Reconstruction Committee of CA passes federal structure of 14 states supported by UCPNM and UML. 14 proposed states are as follows:-

east hills: Limbuwan, Kirat, Sherpa, Sunkoshi,
central hills: Newa, Tamsaling,
west hills: Narayani, Tamuwan, Magarat, Jadan, Karnali, Khaptad,
terai: Mithila-Bhojpura-Koch-Madhesh, Lumbini-Awadh-Tharuwan.

图片:2.png

CA Committee passed structure (source: welections.wordpress.com)

May 28, 2008: First Constituent Assembly (CA) meeting declares Nepal to be federal democratic republic by 560-4 votes. (1, 2)

Apr 10, 2008 : First Constituent Assembly election.CPN Maoist, Nepali Congress, CPN-UML & MJF became 1st,2nd,3rd & 4th party respectively.

Feb 28, 2008 : 8-point agreement (८ बुँदे सहमति)  between Government and "Samyukta Loktantrik Madheshi Morcha" including MJF, TMLP, Sadbhawana Party (Agreed on Nepal to be Federal democratic republic and there will be autonomous Madhesh state)

Aug 30, 2007: 22-point agreement between government and MJF

Jan 16 2007 : Madhesh uprising started led by Madheshi Janadhikar Forum (MJF)




Jan 15, 2007 : Interim constitution of Nepal 2007 issued.

Apr 24, 2006 : '19 days-Democracy movement of Nepal' ended, King re-instated the old parliament.

Data according to 2011 Census---------------------------------------------------

West Tharuhat demand: 8 westernmost terai districts (Nawalparasi, Rupendehi, Kapilvastu, Dang, Banke, Bardiya, Kailali, Kanchanpur)
Total population:48,03,069 (Tharu 24.1%, Chhettri 14.1%, Bahun 12.4%, Magar 8%)

East Tharuhat demand: 6 eastern districts (Jhapa, Morang, Sunsari, Saptari, Siraha, Udayapur)
Total Population: 41,35,656 (Bahun 10%, Chhettri 9.7%, Yadav 7.6%, Tharu 6.9%)

Limbuwan demand: 9 districts east of Arun-Koshi river (Jhapa, Morang, Sunsasri, Ilam, Panchthar, Taplejung, Dhankuta, Terhathum & Sankhuwasabha)
Total population: 35,74,770 (Bahun 13.5%, Chhettri 13.2%, Limbu 10.2%, Rai 8.1%)

Newa demand: 3 districts (Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur)
Total population: 25,17,023 (Newar 26.9%, Bahun 20.4%, Chhettri 19.8%, Tamang 11.2%)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

According Nepal Census 2011 out of total 75 districts number of districts by single largest races are as follows: Chhettri (24), Bahun (11), Tamang (7), Magar (6), Yadav(5), Musalman (5), Rai(4), Gurung (4), Tharu (4), Limbu(3), Newar (2)

Bahun/Chhettri/Thakuri/Dasnami (BCTD) = 82,78,401 (31.25%)
Khas (BCTD+Kami/Damai/Sarki) = 103,74,633 (39.2%)

图片:3.png

Largest single races by district, 2011 Nepal Census

Apr 5, 2002: Dr. Harka Gurung suggests "25-district New Nepal" as a new approach for decentralization.

图片:4.png

Nepal with 25 districts proposed by dr. Harka Gurung


Feb 13, 1996 - Nov 21, 2006 : Maoist's Civil war & Peace agreement
see also: Timeline of Nepali Civil War (1996-2006)
------------------------------------------------------

1st Constituent Assembly:
Election day: April 10, 2008
First meeting : May 28, 2008
* First deadline: May 28, 2010 (2067 Jeth 14) 2 years,
* Second deadline: May 28, 2011 (2068 Jeth 14) 1 year,
* Third deadline: Aug 31, 2011 (2068 Bhadau 14) 3 months,
* Forth deadline: Nov 30, 2011 (2068 Mangsir 14) 3 months
Nov 25, 2011 (2068 Mangsir 9): Supreme court allows to add only 6 months more time. (L)
* Fifth deadline: May 27, 2012 (2069 Jeth 14) 6 months [CA dissolved]



2nd Constituent Assembly:

Election day: Nov 19, 2013
First meeting: Jan 21, 2013
* First deadline: Jan 22, 2015 (Magh 8, 2071) 1 year
No more new deadlines

Governments:-
Feb 11, 2014 - Present : Shushil Koirala as PM
Mar 14, 2013-Feb 11, 2014: Khil Raj Regmi as PM [Election Government]
Aug 29, 2011-Mar 14, 2013 : Baburam Bhattarai as PM
Feb 6, 2011 - Aug 29, 2011: Jhal Nath Khanal as PM
May 25, 2009 - Feb 6, 2011 : Madhav Kumar Nepal as PM
Aug 18, 2008 - May 25, 2009 : Prachanda as PM
July 23, 2008 - present : Ram Baran Yadav as 1st President of Nepal
Apr 25, 2006 - Aug 18, 2008 : Girija Prasad Koirala as PM

http://www.karma99.com/2015/04/proposed-federal-structures-of-nepal.html

    据尼泊尔《加德满都邮报》9月17日报道，9月16日,尼泊尔议会以超过三分之二的多数票通过了“宪法2015”，尼泊尔自此进入联邦民主共和制，这是尼泊尔历史上第一部由人民代表编制的宪法。
议会598名议员中，532人参与了投票，其中507人投了赞同票，25人投了反对票。

原文：http://www.ibnlive.com/news/world/nepals-parliament-passes-new-constitution-1100518.html

Nepal passes new Constitution, splits country into 7 federal provinces

Kathmandu: Nepal's Constituent Assembly on Wednesday overwhelmingly approved a new constitution after seven years of painstaking efforts and deliberations, splitting the country into seven federal provinces. Constituent Assembly Chairman Subash Nemwang announced the charter was passed by a 507-25 vote in the 601-seat assembly after the voting. Lawmakers raised their hands in celebration after the announcement was made. Now, the bill will become Nepal's new charter once the lawmakers sign and the CA Chairperson authenticates it.
The constitution was pushed through the assembly despite protests by ethnic minority groups. It will split Nepal into seven federal provinces. Some ethnic groups have opposed the makeup, borders and size of the provinces. When put to split voting after the endorsement of individual articles and schedules, the entire Revised Bill garnered support from 507 out of 532 lawmakers who were present in the parliament.
Constituent Assembly Chairman Subash Nemwang announced the charter was passed by a 507-25 vote in the 601-seat assembly after the voting.
The lawmakers from Nepali Congress, CPN-UML and UCPN- Maoist supported the draft constitution. The voting was boycotted by smaller opposition parties. As many as 25 lawmakers belonging to pro-Hindu and pro-monarchist Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal cast their vote against the bill. Most of the Madhes-based parties, whose combined strength is 60, boycotted the voting process.
After announcing the result of the voting, Nembang asked the lawmakers to sign on the dossiers on Friday. The government is planning to declare public holiday on September 20 and 21 to celebrate the occasion. Major ruling parties have directed their cadres and supporters to lit colourful lights on September 20 to celebrate the occasion.
In the CA meeting scheduled for September 20, President Ram Baran Yadav will announce the promulgation of new constitution through the sovereign body elected by the people. Nepal was declared a secular state in 2006 after the end of decade-long civil war between Maoist insurgents and the state that claimed nearly 16,000 lives.
A CA was elected in 2008 after the abolishment of the Himalayan country's 240-year-old Hindu monarchy, but it could not finish its task despite four extensions. Subsequently, a second CA was elected in 2013 which deliberated the draft constitution for over two years. The drafting process was accelerated after the deadly-quake of April 12 that claimed more than 9,000 lives in the country of of 28 million people.

挺像西藏，分七个地级行政区。。。。。。

有地图一目了然！

说好的主义呢

七个县的样子！

鱼泉:七个县的样子！ (2015-09-18 00:10) 

7个市吧，尼泊尔位置放在中国也是西部。

尼泊尔有14万平方公里，与孟加拉相当，但在地图上看上去，感觉比孟加拉小。这个面积，在中国的则相当于安徽、辽宁，所以把它看作一个省也不为过，尽管它的面积跟旁边的西藏一比就相形见拙。
但尼泊尔地处青藏高原，人口居然超过2600万，是同样地理环境的西藏的10倍，这一点不可思议。

假平凹:尼泊尔有14万平方公里，与孟加拉相当，但在地图上看上去，感觉比孟加拉小。这个面积，在中国的则相当于安徽、辽宁，所以把它看作一个省也不为过，尽管它的面积跟旁边的西藏一比就相形见拙。
但尼泊尔地处青藏高原，人口居然超过2600万，是同样地理环境的西藏的10倍，这一点不可思 ..(2015-09-18 08:35)嬀/color]

尼泊尔在喜马拉雅南坡，较之西藏海拔迅速下降，平均海拔低得多，南部还是平原地带。而且有季风，气温还高。两地的地理环境相差很大。

尼泊尔简介
尼泊尔联邦民主共和国 （Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal），是亚洲内陆山国，位于喜马拉雅山南麓，北邻中国，其余三面与印度接壤，面积147181平方千米，国境线全长2400公里。全国分北部高山、中部温带和南部亚热带三个气候区。北部冷季最低气温为-41℃，南部夏季最高气温为45℃。
尼泊尔人口2642万（2006年7月统计），有拉伊、林布、苏努瓦尔、达芒、马嘉尔、古隆、谢尔巴、尼瓦尔、塔鲁等30多个民族。尼泊尔语为国语，上层社会通用英语。居民86.2％信奉印度教，7.8％信奉佛教，3.8％信奉伊斯兰教，信奉其他宗教人口占2.2％。
首都加德满都（Kathmandu），人口约70.19万（2001年数字）。月平均最高气温29℃（7月），月平均最低气温2℃（1月）。
尼泊尔历史悠久，公元前６世纪就建立王朝。1769年廓尔喀王普里特维•纳拉扬•沙阿征服马拉王朝三个公国，统一了尼泊尔，建立了沙阿王朝。1814年尼泊尔遭到英国入侵，尼泊尔被迫割让大片领土给英属印度，外交受英监督。1846年，亲英的忠格•巴哈杜尔•拉纳将军发动政变，国王大权旁落，拉纳家族世袭首相。1923年，英承认尼泊尔独立。1950年，国王特里布万和王储马亨德拉在印度支持下，通过谈判恢复王权，拉纳家族统治结束。1951年2月，特里布万国王颁布临时宪法，实行君主立宪制。1960年，马亨德拉国王取缔政党，实行无党派议会制。1972年比兰德拉国王即位。1990年，比兰德拉国王被迫实行君主立宪的多党议会制。2001年6月，尼王室突发血案，比兰德拉国王等王室成员遇害，国王的胞弟贾南德拉登基。2002年5月，贾南德拉国王解散议会，并于同年10月解散内阁，直接干政。2005年2月，贾南德拉再次解散政府，亲自执政。2006年4月，“七党联盟”与尼共（毛主义）联手发动反国王街头行动。国王妥协，宣布恢复议会，由“七党联盟”提出首相人选并组阁。同年5月18日，尼泊尔议会通过新内阁提交的决议草案，解除国王拥有的一切特权，规定尼泊尔为“世俗国家”，议会成为全国最高权力决策机构。2007年1月15日，尼议会颁布临时宪法，组建临时议会。2008年4月，制宪会议选举顺利举行。5月，制宪会议首次会议通过决议，宣布建立联邦民主共和国；剥夺国王一切特权；制宪会议将选举产生礼仪性总统作为国家元首，根据总理建议行使职权。7月，制宪会议选举产生总统、副总统和制宪会议主席。国名由“尼泊尔”改为“尼泊尔联邦民主共和国”。
尼泊尔的行政区划分为发展区、专区、县、村。全国分为5个发展区（Development Region），14个专区（Zone），75个县（District），3995个村（Village），设36个市（Town）。

尼泊尔是《方舆》第3期封底国家，这是当时我在封三写的介绍。

帖子合并了。

新政区名字，我上面有写。

         尼瓦尔语，又译内瓦里语（Newah Bhaye或Newari），又被称为尼泊尔语言（नेपाल भाषा，Nepal Bhasa），是尼泊尔中部加德满都谷地尼瓦尔人所操持的语言，属汉藏语系藏缅语族，尼瓦尔语原是用兰札体字母拼写后改用天城体字母拼写，是该语系中唯一一种以天城文字母为拼写的语言。     另外，在锡金、西孟加拉邦和西藏等地区也有操尼瓦尔语的居民。

        其受到周围语言如藏语、梵语等影响很深。最早的尼瓦尔语作品是写于1114年的一张贝叶。其后，这种语言逐渐成为加德满都一带诸国的官方语言，被通称为“尼泊尔语言”。

     1769年之后，来自今尼泊尔西部的卡斯人（Khas或Khasas）征服了加德满都谷地，建立了沙阿王朝，卡斯族的语言遂成为尼泊尔的官方语言，即今日的尼泊尔语，而原尼泊尔语言被改称为尼瓦尔语。
      之后尼瓦尔语又经过了一次大的变动，从古尼瓦尔语转变为新尼瓦尔语，这中间的界限很难确认，一般以中期拉腊政权为界，也就是在20世纪初左右。由于受到印欧语系诸语言的长期影响，新尼瓦尔语已经成为最雅利安化的汉藏语系语言，不但吸收了许多来自印欧语系的词汇，甚至连语法也显现出许多印欧语系的特点。

如题，这是去年9月20日采纳的，新宪法附4。

这个事情，去年论坛的帖子是这样的。
[中南西亚]尼泊尔议会通过新宪法 全国重新划分为7个或8个联邦州

minimal 2015-08-26

14/2729

悠长假日 2015-09-19

好巧，我们刚好在9月19日以后回复就打止了。

不过7个省的省名仍不知道，按照规定，省名由各省议会的2/3多数通过。后续仍不详。

考虑到人口平衡，2016年的法律似乎已经准备把第五省北部的山地各县重新划分为第四、第六省。

这样，有5个省实际就继承自原来的5个发展区，即
第一省，东部发展区
第三省，中部发展区
第四声，西部发展区
第六省，中西发展区
第七省，远西发展区

第二省，东部、中部2个发展区南部的平原县
第五省，西部、中西2个发展区南部的平原县

第七省和远西发展区的范围完全一致。

尼泊尔这种小国的区划调整意义不大，像巴铁都1.3亿人口了，怎么也不应该才仅4个省。

赵日天:尼泊尔这种小国的区划调整意义不大，像巴铁都1.3亿人口了，怎么也不应该才仅4个省。 (2017-06-23 08:45) 

确实，巴铁缺少一个政治强人全面整顿国家。
应该改联邦制为单一制，划分20个左右的省。

一级政区变动挺频繁的。

萨德侯爵:确实，巴铁缺少一个政治强人全面整顿国家。
应该改联邦制为单一制，划分20个左右的省。 (2017-06-23 12:09) 

缺乏主体民族，单一不起来的，巴基斯坦未来必然分崩离析。

明山:一级政区变动挺频繁的。
 (2017-07-17 11:11) 

三党撕逼的结果
大会党、共产党联合马列、联合共产党毛主义你方唱罢我登场

147181平方千米，75个县，县域平均面积1962.41平方公里。和西部的山区县相似。

7地级市规模，

加德满都还是需要考虑脱离Bagmati直辖，加德满都归Hetauda管，怎么看都别扭。